By Krishna Dua 
A New Era of Economic Nationalism: Trump Tariffs Reshape Global Trade
The global trade landscape has been thrown into disarray following the latest actions by the Donald Trump administration, which have seen a dramatic escalation of tariffs and a sweeping change in customs policy. The most significant move, which took effect on August 27, 2025, has been the imposition of a steep 50% tariff on a wide range of Indian exports to the United States. This action, coupled with the elimination of the “de minimis” exemption for low-value parcels on August 29, 2025, has sent shockwaves through the global supply chain, impacting everything from multinational corporations to small e-commerce businesses and individual consumers. The situation has not only reignited trade tensions but has also prompted a strong response from India and a growing sense of unity among other nations in the BRICS bloc.
The 50% Tariff: A Direct Blow to India’s Export Sector
The decision to impose a 50% tariff on Indian goods represents a sharp and targeted escalation in U.S. trade policy. The new tariff, which adds an extra 25% on top of a previous 25% duty, is a direct response from the Trump administration to India’s continued purchase of oil from Russia. Washington has stated that this trade “threatens the national security and foreign policy of the United States,” and the tariff is intended as a punitive measure.
The move has a significant impact on India’s export-oriented industries. According to a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), the duties will affect $60.2 billion worth of Indian exports, which is a staggering 66% of India’s total exports to the U.S. The hardest-hit sectors are labor-intensive, including textiles and apparel, gems and jewelry, seafood (especially shrimp), and handicrafts. These industries, which are largely dominated by micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), are expected to see a significant drop in export volumes, with some estimates projecting a 70% reduction in these sectors. This could lead to massive layoffs and a substantial hit to the Indian economy.
For example, India’s apparel and textile exports, a major source of employment in cities like Tiruppur and Bengaluru, now face an effective tariff rate of over 60%, making them uncompetitive against exports from countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam, which have more favorable trade arrangements with the U.S. Similarly, the gems and jewelry industry in Surat, a global hub for diamond cutting and polishing, is facing a severe threat as its exports to the U.S. now face duties of over 52%.
The U.S. administration has stated that the tariffs are aimed at protecting domestic manufacturers. However, economists and analysts warn that they could have unintended consequences, such as higher prices for American consumers and a shift in supply chains to other countries, which may not align with U.S. interests.
The End of “De Minimis”: A New Hurdle for E-Commerce
Adding to the trade turmoil is the Trump administration’s decision to end the “de minimis” exemption, which previously allowed packages valued at under $800 to enter the U.S. duty-free. This change, which took effect on August 29, 2025, has created chaos in global postal networks and e-commerce supply chains. The rationale behind this move, according to the U.S. administration, is to protect domestic manufacturers from a flood of low-cost imports and to prevent the entry of illegal goods and narcotics.
The elimination of this exemption means that every package, regardless of its value, is now subject to customs duties and a complex process of documentation. This has led to a cascade of disruptions. The Department of Posts in India, along with postal services in over 30 other countries, has temporarily suspended the international shipping of most postal items to the U.S. This is because they lack the necessary systems and infrastructure to collect and remit the new duties. For small businesses and individual sellers who rely on e-commerce platforms like Etsy, this has created a major logistical and financial hurdle. They are now faced with the choice of either absorbing the additional costs or losing access to a vital market.
The move has been widely criticized for its abrupt implementation, which has not given postal services and private carriers like FedEx and DHL enough time to prepare. The long-term impact is expected to be a significant increase in shipping costs for consumers and businesses alike, along with a potential shift in global e-commerce strategies.
India’s Response: Resilience and Diversification
In the face of these challenges, the Indian government has adopted a two-pronged approach of firm resolve and strategic action. While refraining from directly retaliating with its own tariffs, New Delhi has initiated several domestic measures to mitigate the impact of the U.S. actions.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, speaking in Ahmedabad, framed the situation as an era of “economic selfishness” where nations prioritize their own interests. He insisted that India would withstand the pressure and is committed to building its strength. The government has initiated a number of domestic reforms, including proposals to simplify the GST structure, aiming to boost domestic consumption and reduce the reliance on exports.
Furthermore, India is actively working on diversifying its trade partners and accelerating negotiations for Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with countries and blocs like the UK and the European Union. This is a clear signal that India will not be cowed by external pressure and is determined to explore new markets for its products. In a meeting with exporters, government officials have also assured support and have called for a focus on new markets to counter the loss of market share in the U.S.
The Global Reaction and the Role of BRICS
The U.S. tariffs on India are not an isolated event but part of a broader pattern of protectionist policies from the Trump administration. This has led to a growing sense of solidarity among nations that feel targeted by these measures. The BRICS bloc, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has emerged as a key forum for a collective response.
At their recent summit in Brazil, BRICS leaders warned against the dangers of protectionism and advocated for a more open and inclusive global trading system. While the member nations have diverse and sometimes competing interests, the shared challenge from the U.S. has prompted them to strengthen their economic and strategic ties. Discussions within the bloc have included a focus on reducing dependence on the U.S. dollar and exploring alternative payment systems.
In conclusion, the latest round of Trump tariffs has created a significant challenge for India and the global economy. The steep 50% tariff on key exports and the end of the de minimis exemption are not just trade barriers but are also disruptions that could reshape global supply chains for years to come. India’s response has been one of resilience, a focus on domestic reforms, and a strategic pivot towards new markets and alliances. As the trade war continues, the world is watching to see if this new era of protectionism will fundamentally alter the long-standing norms of global trade